History of Macedonia Links

Alexander the Great:

• Origins of Alexander
• Is Alexander the Great Greek?
• The Destruction of Thebes
• Plutarch on Alexander’s bringing Greek civilisation to Asia
• Letter to Darius
• Literary ancient sources about Alexander’s drinking
• Ancient Sources about Alexander’s Panhellenic Campaign
• Bible about Alexander the Great
• Alexander King of Yavans

 

Ancient Macedonian History :

• Modern Historians about ancient Macedonia NEW
• Ancient Sources about ancient Macedonia NEW
• Ancient Macedonian Testimonies about their own Ethnicity
• Nicholas Hammond’s Interview about Macedonia
• Etymology of 100 most famous ancient Macedonian Names
• Ancient sources about Alexander’s army Greek character
• Ancient sources about Macedonia as a Greek Land
• Ancient Greeks references to Macedonians as Greeks
• Was Greek the ‘Linqua franca’ of ancient times prior to Alexander
• Falsified versions and mistranslations of ancient sources about Macedonia
• King Archelaos and his portrayal as ‘Barbarian’
• Modern Historians about Macedonian Royal House
• Eminent Macedonians among Greek mercenaries of Darius
• Greek Navy in Alexander’s campaign
• Sibylline Prophesies
• Olympia in Dion
• Ancient Macedonians in Olympic games
• Persian Story of Zulqarneen
• The Hellenization’s argument contradiction
• Prof. Badian’s views about the incident of Eumenes – Xennias
• List of known non-Macedonian Greeks in Alexander’s army
• Ancient Macedon and Thessalia – Case of Jason of Pherai
• Philip fulfiled his mentor’s Epaminondas dream to unite Greece
• Cults in Ancient Macedonia
• Eurypides and Macedonians
• The Heracleid origin of ancient Macedonians
• Hadrian, Thessalonica and Panhellenion League
• Justin sources – Marsyas of Macedon

   

  Linguistics :

• Modern linguists about Ancient Macedonian language
• The Language of ancient Macedonians
• Ancient Macedonian language – Hoffman
• Ancient Macedonian Language Part II
• Ancient Macedonian Language Part III
• Ancient Macedonian Language Part IV
• Ancient Macedonian Language Part V
• Ancient Macedonian Language by Marcus Templar
• Ancient Macedonian language recognized as Greek dialect
• The misuse of the term Philhellene during Antiquity 
  

  Biographies:

• Nicesipolis of Pherae
• Cynane
• Thessalonike
   

  Medieval History of Macedonia

  • Byzantine Sources about greekness of Medieval Macedonia
  • List of famous Medieval Macedonians
  • Sources on St’ Cyril and Methodius Greek Ethnicity
  • 14th Century Names of Lay Proprietors in the Themes of Thessaloniki and Strymon
  • Macedonia in the 16th and 17th Centuries
  • Macedonia preceeding Turkish Occupation
  • The final capture of Thessalonica by Turks (1430)
  • Ancient/Modern Sources about Thessalonica 
    

    Modern History of Macedonia

  • Greek schools of Pelagonia during 19th cent.
  • Greek Macedonian newspapers of late 19th cent.- early 20th cent.
  • Four of the best Historians, describe Balkans in 1915
  • Books in Greek education prior to 1936 about Macedonia
  • Paidomazoma – Communist children abductions in the Greek civil war

    

    F.Y.R.O.M Propaganda

  • Modern Writers about the Bulgarian origin of FYROM’s slavs POPULAR
  • Indisputable Evidence of FYROM’s Slavs being originally Bulgarians
  • FYROM’s revisionist falsifications – Rejected by the World’s academia
  • Linguistic origins of F.Y.R.O.M – From Bulgarian dialect to “Macedonian” language
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part I
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part II
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part III
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part IV
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part V
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part VI
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part VII
  • The Ethnic and Historical origins of FYROM Part VIII
  • Fighting Fyrom Propaganda #1 – Tzar Samouel
  • 1910 Census and fabrications
  • The so-called FYROM’s claim about “occupation” of Macedonia in 1913 exposed
  • Letter from FYROMs Slavs to Oliver Stone
  • Propaganda of FYROMs site HistoryofMacedonia.Org exposed – Part I
  • Propaganda of FYROMs site HistoryofMacedonia.Org exposed – Part II
  • Propaganda of FYROMs site HistoryofMacedonia.Org Exposed – Part III
  • Propaganda of FYROMs site HistoryofMacedonia.Org Exposed – Part IV
  • BIG Stefov Lie # 6 ,”Greeks Are a Superior Race”
  • BIG Stefov Lie # 8,”Tito created the Macedonian Nation”
  • BIG Stefov Lie # 10, ‘Greeks are Turks, Albanians, Slavs and Vlachs
  • Big Stefov Lie #11, ‘Saint Cyrill and Methodios are Greek’
  • BIG Stefov Lies # 17: “Ancient Macedonians were not Greeks“
  • Big Stefov Lies # 18_”Philip II United the Greeks”
  • BIG Stefov Lie # 19 “4,000 years of Greek Civilization
  • BIG Stefov Lie # 20_The Final Answer in His Lies
  • Fyrom’s lies over Slavic populations genetics Part I
  • Fyrom’s lies over Slavic populations genetics Part II.
  • Modern Bulgarian Heroes…claimed by FYROM
  • Fake Letter from Alexander in…nationalistic site of FYROM
  • De-Bulgarization and persecutions of Bulgarians in FYROM
  • Diplomatic Sources on Ilinden – a Bulgarian Uprising
  • FYROM’S History Books and propaganda: Facts
  • Free Archbishop Jovan from prison in FYRO Macedonia F.A.Q – Frequently Asked Questions on Macedonia by Alexandros Gerbessiotis

    FALLACIES AND FACTS ON THE MACEDONIAN ISSUE – Marcus Templar

   www.history-of-macedonia.com

• http://historyofmacedonia.wordpress.com

• www.lysimachos.com

• www.macedoniaontheweb.com/forum/

Modern historians about Macedonia – Hilding Thylander

Hilding Thylander – Den Grekiska världen p. 349 (Svenska humanistiska förbundet, 1985)

Quote:

It is possible that the earlier inhabitants of the Macedonian area spoke various languages like illyrian, thracian and paionian. However, the later inhabitants of upper and lower Macedonia spoke Greek of ‘Macedonian’ dialect, that was a bit different than Attic and closer to Aeolic. The inhabitants of the northwestern Macedonia spoke a form of western Greek, that reminds of the dialect spoken in the neighboring Epirus. The Macedonian names and months point clearly to a Doric Greek dialect. The local customs and religion were Greek. The main gods worshiped were Zeus, Dionysos and Herakles. Zeus cults are found in Aigai and Dion, while Herakles was worshiped in Aigai and Pella. The Macedonians were people of the borders and some of their customs were misunderstood by the southern Greeks. Under the 4th century BC the Macedonian population was approximately 1 million. A big part of the northern population was non-Macedonian. Hilding Thylander – Den Grekiska världen, p. 350 Quote: The Macedonians were at an early stage, greek patriots. When Argos destroyed Mykene 478 BC, the Macedonian King hosted half of the citys escaping population. When Athens under the years of Perikles, took over Histiaia on Eubeas north shore, its population moved to Macedonia.

Modern Historians about ancient Epirus

“Speakers of these various Greek dialects settled different parts of Greece at different times during the Middle Bronze Age, with one group, the “northwest” Greeks, developing their own dialect and peopling central Epirus. This was the origin of the Molossian or Epirotic tribes.”

E.N.Borza “In the shadow of Olympus; The emergence of Macedon” (revised edition, 1992), page 62

“We have seen that the “Makedones” or “highlanders” of mountainous western Macedonia may have been derived from northwest Greek stock. That is, northwest Greece provided a pool of Indo-European speakers of proto-Greek from which emerged the tribes who were later known by different names as they established their regional identities in separate parts of the country. Thus the Macedonians may have been related to those peoples who at an earlier time migrated south to become the historical Dorians, and to other Pindus tribes who were the ancestors of the Epirotes or Molossians. If it were known that Macedonian was a proper dialect of Greek, like the dialects spoken by Dorians and Molossians, we would be on much firmer ground in this hypothesis.”

E.N.Borza “In the shadow of Olympus; The emergence of Macedon” (revised edition, 1992), page 78

“When Amyntas became king of the Macedonians sometime during the latter third of the sixth century, he controlled a territory that included the central Macedonian plain and its peripheral foothills, the Pierian coastal plain beneath Mt. Olympus, and perhaps the fertile, mountain-encircled plain of Almopia. To the south lay the Greeks of Thessaly. The western mountains were peopled by the Molossians (the western Greeks of Epirus), tribes of non-Argead Macedonians, and other populations.”

E.N.Borza “In the shadow of Olympus; The emergence of Macedon” (revised edition, 1992), page 98

“As subjects of the king the Upper Macedonians were henceforth on the same footing as the original Macedonians, in that they could qualify for service in the King’s Forces and thereby obtain the elite citizenship. At one bound the territory, the population and wealth of the kingdom were doubled. Moreover since the great majority of the new subjects were speakers of the West Greek dialect, the enlarged army was Greek-speaking throughout.”

NGL Hammond, “Philip of Macedon”, Gerald Duckword & Ltd, London, 1994

“Certainly the Thracians and the Illyrians were non-Greek speakers, but in the northwest, the peoples of Molossis {Epirot province}, Orestis and Lynkestis spoke West Greek. It is also accepted that the Macedonians spoke a dialect of Greek and although they absorbed other groups into their territory, they were essentially Greeks.”

Robert Morkot, “The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece”,
Penguin Publ., 1996

“Still, Olympias, a Greek from Epirus married to a king of Macedon”

Paul Catledge “The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization 2000″.Chapter 14, page 213

“Olympias, it seems, though Greek by birth…”

Paul Catledge “The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization 2000″. Chapter 14, page 216

The Molossians were the strongest and, decisive for Macedonia, most easterly of the three most important Epeirot tribes, which, like Macedonia but unlike the Thesprotians and the Chaonians, still retained their monarchy. They were Greeks, spoke a similar dialect to that of Macedonia, suffered just as much from the depredations of the Illyrians and were in principle the natural partners of the Macedonian king who wished to tackle the Illyrian problem at its roots.”

Malcolm Errington, “A History of Macedonia”, California University Press,
1990.

The West Greek dialect group denotes the dialects spoken in: (i) the northwest Greek regions of Epeiros, Akarnania, Pthiotid Akhaia….

Johnathan M. Hall, “Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity”, Cambridge University Press, 1997

Alexander was King Philip’s eldest legitimate child. His mother, Olympias,came from the ruling clan of the northwestern Greek region of Epirus.

David Sacks, “A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World”, Oxford, 1995

Epirus was a land of milk and animal products…The social unit was a small tribe, consisting of several nomadic or semi-nomadic groups, and these tribes, of which more than seventy names are known, coalesced into large tribal coalitions, three in number: Thesprotians, Molossians and Chaonians…We know from the discovery of inscriptions that these tribes were speaking the Greek language (in a West-Greek dialect).

NGL Hammond, “Philip of Macedon”, Duckworth, London, 1994

The molossians were the most powerfull people of Epirus, whose kings had extended their dominion over the whole country. They traced their descent back to Pyrrhus, son of Acchilles..

the Satyres by Juvenal Page 225

That the molossians, who were immediately adjacent to the Dodonaeans in the time of Hecataeus but engulfed them soon afterwards, spoke Illyrian or another barbaric tongue was nowhere suggested, although Aeschylus and Pindar wrote of Molossian lands. That they in fact spoke greek was implied by Herodotus’ inclusion of Molossi among the greek colonists of Asia minor, but became demonstranable only when D. Evangelides published two long inscriptions of the Molossian State, set up p. 369 B.C at Dodona, in Greek and with Greek names, Greek patronymies and Greek tribal names such as Celaethi, Omphales, Tripolitae, Triphylae, etc. As the Molossian cluster of tribes in the time of Hecataeus included the Orestae, Pelagones, Lyncestae, Tymphaei and Elimeotae,as we have argued above, we may be confindent that they too were Greek-speaking;

Inscriptional evidence of the Chaones is lacking until the Hellinistic period; but Ps-Scylax, describing the situation of c. 380-360 put the Southern limit of the Illyrians just north of the Chaones, which indicates that the Chaones did not speak Illyrian, and the acceptance of the Chaones into the Epirote alliance in the 330s suggest strongly that they were Greek-speaking

“The Cambridge Ancient History – The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C., Part 3: Volume 3″ by P Mack Crew Page 284

however, in central Epirus the only fortified places were in the plain of Ioannina, the centre of the Molossian state. Thus the North-west Greek-speaking tribes were at a half-way stage economically and politically, retaining the vigour of a tribal society and reaching out in a typically Greek manner towards a larger political organization.

“The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 6, the Fourth Century BC” by D M Lewis, Martin Ostwald, Simon Hornblower, John Boardman

In 322 B.C when Antipater banished banished the anti-Macedonian leaders of the Greek states to live ‘beyond the Ceraunian Mountains’ (plut. Phoc. 29.3) he regarded Epirus as an integral part of the Greek-speaking mainland.

Page 443

The chaones as we will see were a group of Greek-speaking tribes, and the Dexari, or as they were called later the Dassarete, were the most northernly member of the group.

Page 423

Molossi (Μολοσσοί), a people in Epirus, who inhabited a narrow slip of country, called after them Molossia (Μολοσσία) or Molossis, which extended from the Aous, along the western bank of the Arachthus, as far as the Ambracian Gulf. The Molossi were Greek people, who claimed descent from Molossus, the son of Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus) and Andromache, and are said to have emigrated from Thessaly into Epirus, under the guidance of Pyrrhus himself. In their new abodes they intermingled with the original inhabitants of the land and with the neighbouring illyrian tribes of which they were regarded by the other Greeks as half barbarians. They were, however, by far the most powerful people in Epirus, and their kings gradually extended their dominion over the whole of the country. The first of their kings, who took the title of King of Epirus, was Alexander, who perished in Italy B.C. 326. The ancient capital of the Molossi was Pasaron,but Ambracia afterward became their chief town, and the residence of their kings. The Molossian hounds were celebrated in antiquity, and were much prized for hunting.

A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography” by William Smith

That they [Dorians] were related to the North-West Dialects (of Phocis, Locris, Aetolia, Acarnania and Epirus) was not perceived clearly by the ancients

History of the Language Sciences: I. Approaches to Gender II. Manifestations
By Sylvain Auroux, page 439

the western greek people (with affinities to the Epirotic tribes) in Orestis, Lyncus, and parts of Pelagonia;

“In the shadow of Olympus..” By Eugene Borza, page 74

http://historyofepirus.wordpress.com/2006/12/31/modern-historians-about-ancient-epirus/

Greek Macedonian newspapers of late 19th cent.- early 20th cent. Part II

Interview of Greek consul in Serres, Stournaras in the Greek newspaper ‘Empros‘ in the paper of 21 August of 1903. Stournaras was an eye-witness of Ilinden uprising and he is talking here about the uprising.

Journalist- Do you believe that the uprising in Macedonia will be suppressed soon?
Stournaras- There is no uprising in Macedonia. Noone from the inhabitants has rebelled against the rulers of the region. There is an incursion of Bulgarian gunmen and other brigands and nothing more. Do you believe that these low-numbered Bulgarians will be able to conquer Macedonia or force the inhabitants to rebel? The result of their clashes with Turkish army verifies the opposite. Everywhere they were defeated and shattered. The ending of this incursion is near. But the most important is that these men, these alledged burned by patriotism, dont fight. In each encounter with Turkish army, they run like sheeps. They only shoot when they are surrounded and cant find their way out. But in all these occasions everything was shattered. Heroism, self-sacrifices, altruism is something unknown to them. They are throwing dynamites and murder whenever there is no danger. They murder mostly to scatter terror. But there is a general impression in Macedonia that they never stand and fight. Because of that, there are the results which we hear about them being killed 10 times more than the turks. While running to get away they dont even shoot.

I couldnt believe that if i didnt see it almost with my own eyes. In one clash in Panitze, outside of Serres, a few months ago where the notorious Delchev was murdered and 52 Bulgarians were arrested, only 2 Bulgarians managed to escape and the rest were killed. This of course has no meaning anymore, because through the fuss they managed to create, many believe now in Europe that Macedonian question is actually Bulgarian question.

Interviews of Bulgarian former prime ministers Karavelov and Radoslavov in 1897

The greek newspaper “Empros” had in the paper of 19th December of 1897, interview of the Bulgarian former prime-minister Karavelov. Its quite interesting, especially the part of his interview where he says ” In Macedonia there are Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks.”
Of course nowhere is mentioned anything about an alledged ‘macedonian’ ethnicity

 

Another interview from a former Bulgarian prime minister. This time a greek reporter takes an interview from Vasil Radoslavov and its published in the paper of 22 December 1897. Again Radoslavov is talking about the Bulgarians and Greeks of Macedonia. No “Macedonians’ of the skopjan type found yet. 

 

FYROM propaganda about Gotse Delchev and Ilinden uprising exposed.

The guy in the photo is Gotse Delchev.  Lets see what the Greek newspaper “Empros” says about him in the paper of 27 April of 1903

Quote:

The assasinated BULGARIAN leader of rebels

Title of greek newspaper ‘Empros’  in a paper of August 1903. “The Bulgarian Bands in Andrianouple”

Newspaper Empros, paper of August of 1903

Title “BULGARIAN UPRISING IN MACEDONIA ”

The above is irrefutable proof about the falsification of history coming from the propagandists of FYROM. Gotse Delchev was a Bulgarian rebel and Ilinden uprising was certainly a Bulgarian uprising.

Greek Macedonian newspapers of late 19th cent.- early 20th cent. FYROM propaganda exposed!

“Faros Of Macedonia” – paper of 29th November 1887.

 

“Ermis of Thessaloniki”. Paper of 24th Octomber of 1875.

 

“Greek-Bulgarian quarrels in Macedonia“. Newspaper “Empros” 1913. Still no trace of “Macedonians” of the Skopjan type but only Greek and Bulgarian populations in the region of Macedonia.

Let me translate the above article.

Quote:

Discovery of Dynamite also in Skopje Bienna 25 April. Police discovered in the houses of Bulgarians in Skopje great amount of dynamites.

In the following article.

Quote:

Bulgarian Rebel groups Bienna 25 April. I am telegraphing from Belgrad that the Rebel Bulgarian groups were anihilated. The lamentation of the refugees reach in the surroundings of Kratovo, coming from Thessalonica

Ancient Macedonian testimonies about their Ethnicity

In reality we have only scarce evidence on what ancient Macedonians believed for themselves. However i will try to collect the available literary and archaeological evidence that would shed some light on the beliefs of ancient Macedonians during Classical and Hellenistic Ages. The available evidence shows that Macedonians considered themselves to be Greek.

Alexander I, king of Macedon

1. Speaking to Atheneans
Quote:

Men of Athens… Had I not greatly AT HEART the COMMON welfare of GREECE I should not have come to tell you; but I AM MYSELF GREEK by descent, and I would not willingly see Greece exchange freedom for slavery. …If you prosper in this war, forget not to do something for my freedom; consider the risk I have run, out of zeal for the GREEK CAUSE, to acquaint you with what Mardonius intends, and to save you from being surprised by the barbarians. I am ALEXANDER of MACEDON.‘

[Herodotus, The Histories, 9.45, translated by G.Rawlinson]

2. Speaking to Persians Quote:

Tell your king who sent you how his GREEK viceroy of Macedonia has received you hospitably… “

Herodotus V, 20, 4 (Loeb, A.D. Godley)

Alexander III (the Great)

3.In his letter to the king of the Persians:

Quote:

Your ancestors invaded Macedonia and the rest of Greece and did US great harm, though WE had done them no prior injury […] I have been appointed hegemon of the Greeks […]

(Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander II,14,4)

4. ALEXANDER TALKING ABOUT HIMSELF AND MACEDONIANS
BEING GREEK AND FIGHTING FOR GREECE:

Quote:

……………There are Greek troops, to be sure, in Persian service — but how different is their cause from ours ! They will be fighting for pay— and not much of it at that; WE on the contrary shall fight for GREECE, and our hearts will be in it. As for our FOREIGN troops —Thracians, Paeonians, Illyrians, Agrianes — they are the best and stoutest soldiers of Europe, and they will find as their opponents the slackest and softest of the tribes of Asia.

Arrian (The Campaigns of Alexander) Alexander talking to the troops before the battle. Book 2-7 Penguin Classics. Page 112. Translation by Aubrey De Seliucourt.

5. Burning Persepolis
Quote:

He set the Persian palace on fire, even though parmenio urged him to save it, arguing that it was not right to destroy his own property, and that the Asians would not thus devote themselves to him, if he seemed determined not to rule Asia, but only to pass through as a conqueror. but Alexander replied that he intended to punish the persians for their invasion of Greece, the destruction of Athens, the burning of the temples, and all manner of terrible things done to the Greeks: because of these things, he was exacting revenge. but Alexander does not seem to me to have acted prudently, nor can it be regarded as any kind of punishment upon Persians of long ago.

[Arrian Anab. 3. 18. 11-12].

6. Speaking to Thessalians and other Greeks
Quote:

On this occasion, he [Alexander] made a very long speech to the Thessalians and the other Greeks, and when he saw that they encouraged him with shouts to lead them against the Barbarians, he shifted his lance into his left hand, and with his right appealed to the gods, as Callisthenes tells us, praying them, if he was really sprung from Zeus, to defend and strengthen the Greeks.

[Plutarch. Alexander (ed. Bernadotte Perrin) XXXIII]

7. Speaking to his own Macedonian Commanders

Alexander called a meeting of his generals the next day. He told them that no city was more hateful to the Greeks than Persepolis, the capital of the old kings of Persia, the city from which troops without number had poured forth, from which first Darius and then Xerxes had waged an unholy war on Europe. To appease the spirits of their forefathers they should wipe it out, he said.

(Quintus Curtius Rufus 5.6.1)

8.

As for Alexander, it is generally agreed that, when sleep had brought him back to his senses after his drunken bout, he regretted his actions and said that the Persians would have suffered a more grievous punishment at the hands of the Greeks had they been forced to see HIM on Xerxes’ throne and in his palace.

(Quintus Curtius Rufus 5.8)

9. Speaking with Diogenes

But he said, ‘If I were not Alexandros, I should be Diogenes’; that is to say: `If it were not my purpose to combine barbarian things with things HELLENIC, to traverse and civilize every continent, to search out the uttermost parts of land and sea, TO PUSH THE BOUNDS OF MACEDONIA TO THE FARTHEST OCEAN, AND TO DISSEMINATE AND SHOWER THE BLESSINGS OF HELLENIC JUSTICE and peace over every nation, I should not be content to sit quietly in the luxury of idle power, but I should emulate the frugality of Diogenes. But as things are, forgive me Diogenes, that I imitate Herakles, and emulate Perseus, and follow in the footsteps of Dionysos, the divine author and progenitor of my family, and DESIRE THAT VICTORIOUS HELLENES SHOULD DANCE AGAIN in India […]”

[Plutarch’s Moralia, On the Fortune of Alexander, 332A (Loeb, F.C Babbitt)]

10. Dedication of Alexander to Athena

Alexander, son of Philip, and the Greeks, except the Lacedaemonians, from the barbarian inhabitans in Asia

[Arrian, I, 16, 10]

PHILIP V, KING OF MACEDON

11. Philip verifying he is Greek

For on many occasions when I and the other Greeks sent embassies to you begging you to remove from your statutes the law empowering you to get booty from booty, you replied that you would rather remove Aetolia from Aetolia than that law

[Polyvius, 18.4.8]

12. TREATY BETWEEN HANNIBAL AND PHILIP V OF MACEDON

Quote:

In the presence of Zeus, Hera, and Apollo: in the presence of the Genius of Carthage, of Heracles, and Iolaus: in the presence of Ares, Triton, and Poseidon: in the presence of the gods who battle for us and the Sun, Moon, and Earth; in the presence of Rivers, Lakes, and Waters: 3 in the presence of all the gods who possess Macedonia and the REST of Greece: in the presence of all the gods of the army who preside over this oath. 4 Thus saith Hannibal the general, and all the Carthaginian senators with him, and all Carthaginians serving with him, that as seemeth good to you and to us, so should we bind ourselves by oath to be even as friends, kinsmen, and brothers, on these conditions. 5 (1) That King Philip and the Macedonians and the REST of the Greeks who are their allies shall protect the Carthaginians, the supreme lords, and Hannibal their general, and those with p423him, and all under the dominion of Carthage who live under the same laws; likewise the people of Utica and all cities and peoples that are subject to Carthage, and our soldiers and allies 6 and cities and peoples in Italy, Gaul, and Liguria, with whom we are in alliance or with whomsoever in this country we may hereafter enter into alliance. 7 (2) King Philip and the Macedonians and such of the Greeks as are the allies shall be protected and guarded by the Carthaginians who are serving with us, by the people of Utica and by all cities and peoples that are subject to Carthage, by our allies and soldiers and all peoples and cities in Italy, Gaul, and Liguria, who are our allies, and by such others as may hereafter become our allies in Italy and the adjacent regions. 8 (3) We will enter into no plot against each other, nor lie in ambush for each other, but with all zeal and good fellowship, without deceit or secret design, we will be enemies of such as war against the Carthaginians, always excepting the kings, cities, and ports with which we have sworn treaties of alliance. 9 (4) And we, too, will be the enemies of such as war against King Philip, always excepting the Greeks, cities, and people with which we have sworn treaties of alliance. 10 (5) You will be our allies in the war in which we are engaged with the Romans until the gods vouchsafe the victory to us and to you, and you will give us 11 such help as we have need of or as we agree upon. 12 (6) As soon as the gods have given us the victory in the war against the Romans and their allies, if the Romans ask us to come to p425terms of peace, we will make such a peace as will comprise you too, 12 and on the following conditions: that the Romans may never make war upon you; that the Romans shall no longer be masters of Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamnus, Pharos, Dimale, Parthini, or Atitania: 14 and that they shall return to Demetrius of Pharos all his friends who are in the dominions of Rome. 15 (7) If ever the Romans make war on you or on us, we will help each other in the war as may be required on either side. 16 (8) In like manner if any others do so, excepting always kings, cities, and peoples with whom we have sworn treaties of alliance. 17 (9) If we decide to withdraw any clauses from this treaty or to add any we will withdraw such clauses or add them as we both may agree

The Histories of Polybius, VII, 9, 4 (Loeb, W. R. Paton)

13.

Now that these descendants of Perdiccas are Greeks, as THEY THEMSELVES SAY, I myself chance to know

Herodotus V, 22, 1 (Loeb, A.D. Godley)

OTHER MACEDONIANS:

14.Speech of the Macedonian ambassador to the Aitolians:

Quote:

The Aitolians, the Akarnanians, the Macedonians, men of the SAME speech, are united or disunited by trivial causes that arise from time to time; with aliens, with barbarians, all Greeks wage and will wage eternal war; for they are enemies by the will of nature, which is eternal, and not from reasons that change from day to day.

Titus Livius, From the Foundation of the City 31

15. Macedonians finding another Greek

There a man appeared to them, wearing a Greek cloak, and dressed otherwise in the Greek fashion, and speaking Greek also. Those [Macedonians] who first sighted him said that they burst into tears, so strange did it seem after all these miseries to see a Greek, and to hear Greek spoken. They asked whence he came, who he was; and he said that he had become separated from Alexander’s camp, and that the camp, and Alexander himself, were not very far distant. Shouting aloud and clapping their hands they brought this man to Nearchus…

Arrian, “The Indica” XXXIII

16. Around 143/142 BC, Damon the Macedonian, son of Nicanor, from the city of Thessalonica, paid with his own money and erected a statue of copper in Olympia, honouring Q.Caecilius Metellus. In the statue’s inscription it is written as motives of this honouring the virtue of the honoured and the sympathetic actions of Quintus Metellus to “Macedonians and the rest of Greeks“. What is more interesting is that the statue was erected from Damon the Macedonian in Olympia, the most important Hellenic centre of that era and it reveals Macedonians saw themselves as Greeks.

Ancient Writers about Macedonia – Athenaeus Deipnosophistes

Book IV. 166 f -167 d

Concerning the extravagance and mode of life of Philip and his companions Theopompus writes the following in the forty-ninth book of the Histories. ‘After Philip had become possessor of a large fortune he did not spend it fast. No! he threw it outdoors and cast it away, being the worst manager in the world. This was true of his companions as well as himself. For to put it unqualifiedly, not one of them knew how to live uprightly or to manage an estate discreetly. He himself was to blame for this; being insatiable and extravagant, he did everything in a reckless manner, whether he was acquiring or giving. For as a soldier he had not time to count up revenues and expenditures. Add to this also that his companions were men who had rushed to his side from very many quarters; some were from the land to which he himself belonged, others were from Thessaly, still others were from all the rest of Greece, selected not for their supreme merit; on the contrary, nearly every man in the Greek or barbarian world of a lecherous, loathsome, or ruffianly character flocked to Macedonia and won the title of “companions of Philip.” And even supposing that one of them was not of this sort when he came, he soon became like all the rest, under the influence of the Macedonian life and habits. It was partly the wars and campaigns, partly also the extravagances of living that incited them to be ruffians, and live, not in a law-abiding spirit, but prodigally and like highwaymen.’

Book VI.231 b-c
After Aemilianus had concluded these many remarks, pontianus said: “As a matter of fact, gold was really very scarce in Greece in ancient times, and the silver to be found in the mines was not considerable. Duris of Samos, therefore, says that Philip, the father of king Alexander the Great, always kept the small gold saucer which he owned lying under his pillow.

Therefore Macedonia was also part of Greece.

Book VIII. 348 e – f
And Machon records these reminiscences of him: ‘Once on a time Stratonicus journeyed to Pella, having previously heard from several sources that the baths there usually made people splenetic. Well, observing several lads exercising in the bath beside the fire, all of them with bodies and complexions at the top of their form, he said that his informants had made a mistake. But when he came out again, he noticed a man who had a spleen twice as large as his belly. (He remarked) “The door-keeper who sits here and receives the cloaks of patrons as they enter must plainly have an eye on their spleens as well, to make sure immediately that the people inside are not crowded” ’

Stratonicus the Athenean harp player, who lived in 4th c. BC as we learn journeyed to Pella and had absolutely no problem to communicate with Macedonians. Some of his jokes about Macedonians have been preserved until now.

Book XII. 537 d – 540 a
Speaking of Alexander the Great’s luxury, Ephippus of Olynthus in his book On the Death of Hephaestion and Alexander says that in the park there was erected for him a golden throne and couches with silver legs, on which he sat when transacting business in the company of his boon companions. And Nicobule says that during dinner every sort of contestant exerted their efforts to entertain the king, and that in the course of his last dinner Alexander in person acted from memory a scene from the Andromeda of Euripides, and pledging toasts in unmixed wine with zest compelled the others also to do likewise. Ephippus, again, says that Alexander also wore the sacred vestments at his dinner parties, at one time putting on the purple robe of Ammon, and thin slippers and horns just like the gods, at another time the costume of Artemis, which he often wore even in his chariot, wearing the Persian garb and showing above the shoulders the bow and hunting-spear of the goddess, while at still other times he was garbed in the costume of Hermes; on other occasions as a rule, and in every-day use, he wore a purple riding-cloak, a purple tunic with white stripes, and the Macedonian hat with the royal fillet; but on social occasions he wore the winged sandals and broad-brimmed hat on his head, and carried the caduceus in his hand; yet often, again, he bore the lion’s skin and club in imitation of Heracles. What wonder that the Emperor Commodus of our time also had the club of Hercules lying beside him in his chariot with the lion’s skin spread out beneath him, and desired to be called Hercules, seeing that Alexander, Aristotle’s pupil, got himself up like so may gods, to say nothing of the goddess Artemis? Alexander sprinkled the very floor with valuable perfumes and scented wine. In his honour myrrh and other kinds of incense went up in smoke; a religious stillness and silence born of fear held fast all who were in his presence. For he was hot-tempered and murderous, reputed, in fact, to be melancholy-mad. At Ecbatana he arranged a festival in honour of Dionysus, everything being supplied at the feast with lavish expense, and Satrabates the satrap entertained all the troops. Many gathered to see the sight, says Ephippus; proclamations were made which were exceedingly boastful and more insolent than the usual Persian arrogance. For among the various proclamations made in particular, a custodian of munitions overstepped all the bounds of flattery and, in collusion with Alexander, he bade the herald proclaim that “Gorgus, the custodian of munitions, presented Alexander, son of Ammon, with three thousand gold pieces, and promised that whenever he should besiege Athens he would give him ten thousand complete suits of armour, the same number of catapults, and all other missiles besides, enough to prosecute the war.”

What do we have here? Alexander fond of Eurypides works?? arranging festivals in honour of greek gods??

Book XIII. 572 d – e
Concerning the professional “companions” Philetaerus says this in The Huntress: “No wonder there is a shrine to the Companion everywhere, but nowhere in all Greece is there one to the Wife.” But I know also of a festival, the Hetairideia, celebrated in Magnesia, not in honour of these “companions” (hetaerae) but for a different reason, which is mentioned by Hegesander in his Commentaries, writing thus: The Magnesians celebrate the festival of the Hetairideia. They record that Jason the son of Aeson, after gathering the Argonauts together, was the first to sacrifice to Zeus Hetaireios* and that he called the festival Hetairideia. And the kings of Macedonia also celebrate with sacrifices the Hetairideia.”

Thessalians and Macedonians having the same festivals. Of course only for skops its a coincidence.

Book XIII. 594 d – 596 b
Harpalus, the Macedonian who plundered large sums from Alexander’s funds and then sought refuge in Athens, fell in love with Pythionice and squandered a great deal on her, though she was a courtesan; and when she died he erected a monument to her costing many talents. “And so, when he bore her to the place of burial,” as Poseidonius declares in the twenty-second book of his Histories, “he escorted the corpse with a large choir of the most distinguished artists, with all kinds of instruments and sweet tones.” And Dicaearchus, in his books On the Descent into the Cave of Trophonius, says: “One would feel the same when going up to the city of Athens by way of the Sacred Road, as it is called, from Eleusis. For there, stationing himself at the point from which the temple of Athena and the citadel are first seen in the distance, he will observe a monument, built right beside the road, the like of which, in its size, is not even approached by any other. One would naturally declare quite positively, at first, that this was a monument to Miltiades, or Pericles, or Cimon, or some other man of noble rank and character and, in particular, that it had been erected by the state at public expense or, failing that, that permission to erect it had been given by the state. But when, on again looking, one discovers that it is a monument to Pythionice the courtesan, what must one be led to expect? Again, Theopompus, when denouncing in his Letter to Alexander the licentiousness of Harpalus, says: “Consider and learn clearly from our agents in Babylon how he ordered the funeral of Pythionice when she died. She, to be sure, was a slave of the flute-girl Bacchis, who in turn was a slave of the Thracian woman Sinope, who had transferred her practice of harlotry from Aegina to Athens; hence Pythionice was not only triply a slave, but also triply a harlot. Now, with the sum of more than two hundred talents he erected two monuments to her; the thing that surprised everyone is this, that whereas for the men who died in Cilicia defending your kingdom and the liberty of Greece neither he nor anyone else among the officials has as yet erected a proper tomb, for the courtesan Pythionice the monument at Athens and the other in Babylon have already stood completed a long time. Here was a woman who, as everybody knew, had been shared by all who desired her at the same price for all, and yet for this woman the man who says he is your friend has set up a shrine and a sacred enclosure and has called the temple and the altar by the name of Aphrodite Pythionice, by one and the same act showing his contempt for the vengeance of the gods and endeavouring to heap insults on the offices you bestow.” These persons are also mentioned by Philemon in The Man of Babylon: “You shall be queen of Babylon, if luck so falls; you have heard of Pythionice and Harpalus.” And Alexis also mentions her in Lyciscus.

So Alexander’s Macedonians who died in Cilicia defended their kingdom and of coursethe liberty of Greece!!

Modern historians about Macedonia – R. Malcolm Errington

R. Malcolm Errington, ‘A History of Macedonia’
University of California Press, February 1993, pg 3

“That the Macedonians and their kings did in fact speak a dialect of Greek and bore Greek names may be regarded nowadays as certain.”

“Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greeks all had their origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip II. Then as now, political struggle created the prejudice. The orator Aeschines once even found it necessary, in order to counteract the prejudice vigorously fomented by his opponents, to defend Philip on this issue and describe him at a meeting of the Athenian Popular Assembly as being ‘Entirely Greek’. Demosthenes’ allegations were lent on appearance of credibility by the fact, apparent to every observer, that the life-style of the Macedonians, being determined by specific geographical and historical conditions, was different from that of a Greek city-state. This alien way of life was, however, common to western Greeks of Epiros, Akarnania and Aitolia, as well as to the Macedonians, and their fundamental Greek nationality was never doubted. Only as a consequence of the political disagreement with Macedonia was the issue raised at all.”

“The Molossians were the strongest and, decisive for Macedonia, most easterly of the three most important Epirote tribes, which, like Macedonia but unlike the Thesprotians and the Chaonians, still retained their monarchy. They were Greeks, spoke a similar dialect to that of Macedonia, suffered just as much from the depredations of the Illyrians and were in principle the natural partners of the Macedonian king who wished to tackle the Illyrian problem at its roots.”